URINE EXAMINATIONS (PHYICAL AND MICROSCOPIC)

                                     urine examination

A urinalysis is a test of your urine. It's used to detect and manage a wide range of disorders, such as urinary tract infections, kidney disease and diabetes. A urinalysis involves checking the appearance, concentration, and content of urine.
parameters of urine examinations 
Physical and microscopic
#Sugar patient urine physical ( strip ) examination. The dark color show high level of sugar like + + +  

Cloudy urine presents of phosphate                                   

          #Normal urine, the color is called pale yellow. That means ph and substance are normal

physical or visual

* Colour 

        Normal - pale yellow

        Abnormal- yellow, brown, red-brown and red

        Color less - significantly diluted urine

    Appearance and color

  Cloudy- The presence of phosphate, carbonate, urates, uric acid, leukocytes, bacteria, yeast, spermatozoa, prosthetic fluid, mucin mucus threads, clumps, pus, tissue facial contamination, and radiographic dye

  Milky- The presence of fat (lipiduria, opalescent chyluria), milky emulsified paraffin

Yellow- Acriflavin

Yellow-orange- Concentrated urine, urobilin, bilirubin 

Yellow-green - bilirubin - biliverdin

Red- Hemoglobin, erythrocytes, myoglobin, porphyrin, fusion, aniline dye, beets

Normal - normal urine is pale yellow to amber in color and is clear

Turbid 

turbid means the presence of abnormality like Cloudy urine can be caused by many different medical conditions, ranging from relatively benign to severe. These conditions can include dehydration, a urinary tract infection, sexually transmitted infections, kidney stones, diabetes, and others.

When your kidneys are not working properly as well as they should, protein can leak through your kidney's filters and into your urine. Protein in urine is called proteinuria or albuminuria. It is a symptom of kidney problems.


  • #







  •           
  • Markers of urine examinations
  • Cancer 
  • Small cancerous tumors that have just started growing have small, delicate blood vessels that are prone to burst easily. This is why hematuria is a common early symptom of bladder cancer.
  • kidney stone 

  • Crystals in urine, also known as crystalluria, can occur for various reasons. Let’s explore the causes and implications:

    1. Dehydration: Not drinking enough water can lead to concentrated urine, which increases the likelihood of crystals forming. Proper water intake is essential to prevent this.

    2. Diet: Consuming large amounts of certain foods, such as protein, salt, and fruits and vegetables, can contribute to crystal formation in urine. Additionally, a protein-rich diet may elevate uric acid levels, leading to crystals.

    3. Medications: Some medications, including amoxicillin, acyclovir, sulfonamides, atazanavir, and methotrexate, can cause crystals in urine.

    4. Underlying Conditions:

      • Kidney Stones: Crystals can aggregate and form kidney stones, which can obstruct urine flow and cause pain.
      • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs): Infections can alter urine composition and promote crystal formation.
      • Rare Inherited Disorders: Crystals like cystine and xanthine are associated with specific genetic conditions.
  • Urinary tract infection (UTI)

  • urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that can occur in any part of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. Most UTIs involve the lower urinary tract, affecting the bladder and urethra. Women are more susceptible to UTIs than men.

    Common symptoms of a UTI include:

    • Pain or discomfort during urination
    • Frequent urination
    • Urgency to urinate
    • Cloudy or bloody urine
    • Foul-smelling urine
    • Low-grade fever

    If you suspect a UTI, it’s crucial to seek medical attention. Left untreated, UTIs can lead to more severe complications. Treatment typically involves antibiotics to clear the infection. Remember to stay hydrated and maintain good hygiene to prevent UTI in future

  • Enlarged prostate (men only)

  • Certain diseases (like sickle cell anemia and cystic kidney disease)
  • Injury to the kidneys


*Specific gravity

Specific gravity means the number of ions percent in the urine in its normal range of 1.020. Normally it depends on the urine concentrations and pH. In high concentrations the specific gravity is low and ph is also low and vice versa

Principle of specific gravity determinations

The test detects the ion concentration of the urine. Using the reagent bromothymol blue notice the color change from blue-green to yellow

chemical properties of urine

*pH

The test paper contains indicators of methyl red and phenolphthalein. its color change we can detect the pH level

Normal range 6.5 to 7.5

the substance containing the urine depends the pH range

*Protein

*Glucose

*Ketone

*Urobilinogen

*Bilirubin

*Blood

*Nitrite

microscopic

*RBC

*WBC OR Pus cells

*Epithelial cells

*Cast

*Crystal

*Bacteria

lack of water taking, or any other reasons, can make chance of bacterial growth is high. in most of the case if bacteria is present nitrate also present 

*Other findings


Visual, chemical, and microscopic tests are the major checkpoints of complete urinalysis. Urinalysis is frequently used to screen for urinary tract infections (UTIs), kidney and liver issues, and diabetes. But urine is the major marker of the body anything that happens inside of the body majority we can detect using urine analysis.

For microscopic findings of urine

Puscells

normally we use high-power feed( microscope ) so that time is normal urine we can see 2 to 3 pus cells (WBC) or less but in some abnormal conditions, we can see more pus cells. For example in urinary tract infections, the presence of bacteria can be found>50 or 100, depending on the patient's physical conditions and affected organisms. Sometimes conditions like gonococci(sexually transmitted disease) the pus cells become numerous

blood cells or RBCs in the urine 

Blood in the urine means there are red blood cells (RBCs) in the urine. Often, the urine looks normal to the naked eye. But when checked under a microscope, it contains a high number of red blood cells. In some cases, the urine is pink, red, or the color of tea, which you can see without a microscope.

causes

Most of the causes of blood in the urine are not serious. For example, heavy exercise may cause blood in the urine, which often goes away daily.

Other, more serious causes include:

Some medications cause blood in the urine. And many people have it without having any other related problems.


Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

Blood Brucella test

  Blood Brucella test  A Blood Brucella test is used to detect Brucella bacteria, which cause brucellosis, a zoonotic infection that can be transmitted from animals to humans. This test is typically performed when a healthcare provider suspects brucellosis based on symptoms (fever, fatigue, joint pain, etc.) and possible exposure to infected animals or animal products.  Types of Brucella Blood Tests: 1. Blood Culture:     - Gold standard** for diagnosing brucellosis.    - Brucella bacteria are cultured from a blood sample in a laboratory. This can take several days (usually 5-10 days) as the bacteria grow slowly.    2. Serological Tests:     - Detect antibodies to Brucella bacteria.      - Rose Bengal Test: A rapid screening test that detects antibodies.      - ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)**: This test detects antibodies (IgG, IgM) against Brucella and helps confirm an infection. ...
Read more

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

 explanation of the, including its purpose, procedure, interpretation, and considerations.  Purpose The Glucose Tolerance Test is primarily used to: - Diagnose Diabetes: Identify if an individual has type 2 diabetes or prediabetes. - Evaluate Insulin Sensitivity: Assess how effectively your body utilizes insulin. - Monitor Gestational Diabetes: Screen pregnant women for glucose intolerance. Types of GTT 1. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)**: The most common form, where glucose is consumed orally. 2. Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)**: Less common, glucose is administered via IV. Preparation -  Fasting: You will usually need to fast for at least 8 hours before the test (water is allowed). -  Dietary Restrictions: You might be advised to eat a balanced diet for several days leading up to the test.  Procedure 1. Initial Blood Sample     - A healthcare professional will take a blood sample to measure your fasting blood glucose level. ...
Read more

Nipah virus trending

          Nipah virus Nipah virus (NiV)  is a zoonotic virus, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. It can also spread through contaminated food or directly between people. In infected individuals, it causes a range of illnesses, from asymptomatic (subclinical) infection to acute respiratory illness and fatal encephalitis.  The case fatality rate varies but can be as high as 40% to 75% during outbreaks . There is currently no specific treatment or vaccine available for Nipah virus, and supportive care is the primary approach for managing affected individuals.  Fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family serve as the natural host for this virus
Read more